Carotid artery stenosis and coronary artery disease coincidence

Cerebrovascular event is one of the important causes of death in the world. Carotid artery stenosis is one of main risk factors of cerebrovascular events. Risk factors for atherosclerosis are found in carotid artery stenosis. Thus, coincidence of coronary artery disease and carotid artery stenosis were observed. In an individual with high risk of coronary artery plaque formation, peripheral artery stenosis is imaginable. Histological morphology and plaque formation in coronary artery disease and carotid artery stenosis are similar and they occur together most of the time. Although many similar findings were shown in coronary artery disease and carotid artery stenosis, carotid artery stenosis is associated with more severe stenosis compare with coronary artery disease. Carotid artery stenosis does not have exact similar biological activity with coronary artery disease. Some invasive and non-invasive diagnostic methods are established for carotid artery stenosis detection. Same medical and surgical treatment techniques could be used for carotid artery stenosis management that vary due to patient-to-patient specific conditions

Peripheral arterial stenosis and coronary artery disease coincidence

Atherosclerosis is a chronic slow-developing condition affecting medium-size and large blood vessels. It is the principal underlying pathology of coronary heart disease and stroke. In some countries, coronary artery disease [CAD] is the cause of nearly half [48%] of the deaths and, loss of productivity life. Peripheral arterial disease [PAD] is defined as atherosclerosis in peripheral arteries instead of coronary arteries. CAD and PAD have same risk factors and underlying pathophysiological processes. Therefore, patient with CAD should be considered for PAD. Ankle brachial index [ABI], duplex sonography, and some other non-invasive techniques are recommended for PAD diagnosis in patients with the history of CAD. Pharmacotherapy, endovascular interventions, and surgical management could be chosen according to the patient's situation. Cardiologists and general practitioners should consider PAD in a patient with CAD or DM as a strong correlated disease

Coronary arteries bypass grafting stenosis

Coronary artery disease [CAD] is a major global problem. In addition, it is higher risk of mortality for women more than men are when develop in female gender Atherosclerotic plaques consist of deposits of fatty material in the tunica intima. The role of inflammatory process in CAD has been known from 1980's. Several studies investigated the innate immunity and adaptive immunity roles in atherosclerosis and they concluded that it plays a key role in atherosclerosis. Coronary artery bypass grafting [CABG] is a widely used method for the treatment of CAD. Based on the literature, CABG is the most common surgical operation done worldwide. In During the first 10 years after CABG, up to 50% of saphenous grafts will occlude. Graft restenosis is beginning with acute thrombosis, intima hyperplasia, and plaque formation. In this review, some molecular pathways of graft failure and restenosis such as apoptosis and nuclear factor kappa B [NF-kB] are described

Successful treatment of congenital chyloperitoneum with platelet-rich fibrin glue

Congenital chyloperitoneum is an uncommon clinical condition. A few cases of congenital chyloperitoneum in children have been described who were treated in a variety of methods. Congenital chyloperito was diagnosed in a 5-day-old baby boy with a significant abdominal distension. Due to the failed conservative managements by medium-chain triglycerides [MCT] enriched milk and partial parenteral nutrition [PPN], the authors tried platelet rich fibrin glue [PRFG] as an alternative choice which was applied through an already inserted intra-abdominal catheter. PRFG successfully stopped the lymph leakage from all over the small intestinal mesentery; thereby PRFG may be considered as an effective alternative treatment before surgical intervention. Applying PRFG is an easy, safe, and effective alternative option that may be used to close the chylous ascites lymph leakage in children if conservative management with PPN fails

comprehensive review of punica granatum [pomegranate] properties intoxicological, pharmacological, cellular and molecular biology researches

Punica granatum [Pg], commonly known as pomegranate [Pg], is a member of the monogeneric family, Punicaceae, and is mainly found in Iran which is considered to be its primary centre of origin. Pg and its chemical components possess various pharmacological and toxicological properties including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory [by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines], anti-cancer and anti-angiogenesis activities. They also show inhibitory effects on invasion/motility, cell cycle, apoptosis, and vital enzymes such as cyclooxygenase [COX], lipooxygenase [LOX], cytochrome P450 [CYP450], phospholipase A2 [PLA2], ornithine decarboxylase [ODC], carbonic anhydrase [CA], 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase [17beta-HSDs] and serine protease [SP]. Furthermore, they can stimulate cell differentiation and possess anti-mutagenic effects. Pg can also interfere with several signaling pathways including PI3K/AKT, mTOR, PI3K, Bcl-X, Bax, Bad, MAPK, ERK1/2, P38, JNK, and caspase. However, the exact mechanisms for its pharmacological and toxicological properties remain to be unclear and need further evaluation. These properties strongly suggest a wide range use of Pg for clinical applications. This review will discuss the areas for which Pg has shown therapeutic properties in different mechanisms

Effects of continuous and interrupted forces on gene transcription in periodontal ligament cells in vitro

The biological mechanisms of tooth movement are based on the response of periodontal tissues to mechanical forces. The final result of these responses is remodeling of the extracellular matrix. Tissue reactions may vary depending upon the type, magnitude and duration of the applied forces. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the effects of centrifugal force on the transcription of collagen type-I [Col-I], matrix metalloproteinase-1 [MMP-1], and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 [TIMP-1] genes in human periodontal ligament [PDL] fibroblasts. Human fibroblasts obtained from the PDL were cultured and subjected to centrifugal forces [36.3 g/cm2] for 30, 60 and 90 min continuously. This was also carried out interruptedly, three times for 30 min and six times for 15 min. The mRNAs encoding for Col-I, MMP-1, and TIMP-1 were quantified using RT-PCR. The mRNA levels of Col-I and MMP-1 were increased when continuous force was applied for 30 min and 60 min respectively. The interrupted force had almost no effect on Col-I, MMP-1 and TIMP-1 genes. These results indicate that continuous forces may have a greater effect in inducing gene expression during the remodeling process of PDL compared to interrupted forces with short rest periods

Immune responses to antigens of in vitro reared echinococcus granulosus adult worms in Balb/c mice

Cystic echinococcosis [CE], also known as echinococcosis/hydatidosis, is one of the most important parasitic diseases in the world. It enhances both humoral and cellular [Thl and Th2] responses in infected host. Different antigens of the worm may favor the Thl or Th2 immune responses in CE patients. To evaluate the humoral and cellular immune responses of Balb/c mice against the crude and excretory/secretory [E/S] antigens of in vitro reared Echinococcus granulosus adult worms. A total of 20 Balb/c mice divided into 5 groups of 4 mice each. Three groups of mice [n=4] were immunized with crude, E/S and an immunodominant antigen of in vitro reared Echinococcus granulosus adult worms on day 1 and 28. The fourth and the fifth groups were negative control groups and received PBS plus adjuvant, or nothing, respectively. Two weeks after the second injection, the mice were killed and their blood was collected for determining antibody responses, and their spleens were employed for proliferation assay. Total IgG were measured by indirect ELISA. Spleen cells of immunized mice were cultivated and exposed to different antigens of adult worms including E/S and crude antigens. Level of IFN-y, IL-12, IL-4 and IL-10 were measured in the recovered cell culture supernatants by capture ELISA. Total IgG assay showed the highest level of antibody produced in mice immunized with crude antigens. Proliferation assay showed a statistically significant production of cytokines in the mice immunized with crude antigens [p<0.05]. The highest levels of IFN-gamma, IL12 and IL-4 were produced in mice immunized with crude antigen of the in vitro reared Echinococcus granulosus adult worms followed by E/S antigens. Immunodomonant antigen induced the lowest levels of cytokines [IL-12, IFN-gamma, IL-4 and IL-10] in immunized mice. A significant levels of Thl related cytokines [IFN-gamma and IL-12] were produced in Balb/c mice immunized with crude antigen of the in vitro reared Echinococcus granulosus adult worms

A Case of Fatal Strongyloidiasis in a Patient with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Molecular Characterization of the Isolate

Strongyloides stercoralis is a human intestinal parasite which may lead to complicated strongyloidiasis in immunocompromised. Here, a case of complicated strongyloidiasis in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia is reported. Presence of numerous S. stercoralis larvae in feces and sputum confirmed the diagnosis of hyperinfection syndrome in this patient. Following recovery of filariform larvae from agar plate culture of the stool, the isolate was characterized for the ITS1 region of ribosomal DNA gene by nested-PCR and sequencing. Albendazole therapy did not have cure effects; and just at the beginning of taking ivermectin, the patient died. The most important clue to prevent such fatal consequences is early diagnosis and proper treatment.